Warfarin Sodium
Vitamin K antagonists · given by oral · on the market since 1999
What it's made of
Each functional group on the molecule does a specific, predictable job.
Phenol
What it does. The liver's favourite attachment point. It tags this group and flushes the molecule out, often within an hour.
What it opens up. Usually shortens the drug's life. Blocking or masking this position is the standard way to make a compound last longer.
Coumarin core
What it does. Stops the enzyme that regenerates vitamin K, so the liver cannot finish assembling clotting proteins.
What it opens up. Anticoagulation, plus any process that depends on the same vitamin-K-dependent proteins — including bone and vessel-wall calcification.
Where it can get to
Predicted from molecular weight, lipophilicity, polar surface area and hydrogen-bond donor count. A drug can only act where it distributes, so this constrains which conditions are addressable before any biology is considered. derived
What it binds — and whether we can reach it · 1 of 1 reachable
Binding affinity is only meaningful against the plasma concentration reached at the approved dose. A target requiring higher concentrations cannot be engaged in a patient, whatever the in vitro potency. Most repurposing hypotheses fail at this step, and it is rarely checked before a trial is proposed. measured
| Target | Kind | Action | Affinity (pAct) | Can it be engaged? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VKORC1 | Enzyme | inhibitor | 7 | Engaged |
New uses, and who is already trying them
12 conditions are linked to targets this drug engages at a dose people already tolerate, but none has been checked against trial records yet. That is missing work, not a negative result — trial-record checking has been run on 110 of 1208 generics so far.
Why nobody will fund it
6 companies make this across 54 approved products. With that many manufacturers the price has fallen to production cost. A company funding a trial could not recover it — competitors could market the same molecule for the new indication immediately, without contributing.
A new route or dosage form qualifies for a 505(b)(2) application, which carries three years of exclusivity for that formulation. It is the only remaining route to exclusivity on a generic molecule.
What it would cost to find out
Derived, not quoted. Events needed is 4(zα+zβ)²/ln(HR)²; enrolment is that divided by the event rate and follow-up. The 1/ln(HR)² term dominates: halving the detectable effect size roughly quadruples enrolment. derived
Cost per person reached is the relevant metric for a non-commercial funder, since there is no revenue to set against the outlay.
Ask for ideas nobody has listed
Reasons from the functional groups and distribution above, excluding conditions already listed. Output is hypotheses for falsification, not findings. Not medical advice.
Who might pay for the trial
Trials of off-patent drugs are rarely funded by venture capital or pharma. They are paid for by government grants and disease foundations. Here is who has funded work on this molecule before, what federal mechanisms are open now, and which foundations fund trials in the disease areas it touches. measured
Open notices with an explicit mandate to fund work on approved or off-patent molecules.
Grants.gov lists US federal money. Many off-patent drug trials are supported by disease foundations and nonprofits. These are matched to the body systems this drug touches. assumed
Who manufactures it
Companies holding an approved abbreviated application for this molecule in the United States, from the FDA Orange Book. Supply already exists at scale, so a trial would not need a manufacturing programme — but any of these could also be a partner, or an objector.
Nothing on this page is medical advice. Candidate uses are unproven hypotheses derived from public data; established uses are listed for verification only. Figures carry their provenance inline — anything marked assumed or derived is not a measurement.
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